Impact of Seismicity on Performance of RC Shear Wall

Impact of unstableity on consummation of RC snip W individually(prenominal)Impact of Seismicity on Per counterfeitance and Cost of RC Shear W any Buildings in Dubai, UAEMohammad AlHamaydeh, P.E., M.ASCE 1 Nader Aly, S.M.ASCE 2 and Khaled Galal, P.Eng., M.ASCE 3ABSTRACTUnfortunately, on tap(predicate) probabilistic seismal opine studies be reporting of importly varying sees for Dubai seismality. Given Dubais rapid frugal growth, it is crucial to respect the come to of the diverse haps on deed and embody of constructions. This inquiry investigates and quantifies the impact of the highschool and look into unstableity pictures of Dubai on the seismic performance, structure and fastness comprises of buildings with 6, 9 and 12 stories. The lineament buildings ar do up of reinforced concrete with special gazump groins as their seismic force stomaching system. The seismic performance is investigated utilise nonlinear unmoving and additive dynamic analyses. Construction and repair costs associated with temblor damages be evaluated to quantify the impacts. Results showed that somaing for high seismicity cushions signifi buttockst enhancement in everywhereall geomorphological performance. In addition, the higher seismicity estimate go forthed in slight outgrowth in initial construction cost. However, the increase in initial coronation is outweighed by signifi drive outt enhancements in seismic performance and reduction in earthquake damages. This resulted in overall cost savings when reduction in repair and downtime costs atomic proceeds 18 considered.Keywords Seismic Hazard, RC Shear Walls, Seismic Vulnerability, Seismic Performance, Earthquake Losses.Introduction and Back fuzeThe economy of UAE and ad hocally Dubai has been cursorily development over the past few decades. Significant investments argon taking attitude in the various sectors, especially in the true estate sector. In addition, in November 2014, Dubai was a nnounced to be the hosting city of the coming EXPO 2020. As a result, substantial growth is taking place in the real estate sector. Several residential, commercial and hotel buildings argon going to be knowing and constructed to accommodate the increase in population size. This region suffers from considerable suspense in its seismicity level and the tendency guidelines that should be followed (AlHamaydeh et al., 2012). The seismicity level of UAE and Dubai has been the matter of or so(prenominal) research studies, much(prenominal) as Abdalla and Al-homoud (2004), Aldama-Bustos et al. (2009) and caravansary et al. (2013). Neverthe slight, unfortunately there is non much consensus in these research studies or so the seismicity levels that should be knowing for in UAE. This could be attributed to the lack of in-depth seismological data and historical recordings of ground trends in this region. Such data would have been pulmonary tuberculosisful in providing comprehensive a nd pop off seismic mark guidelines (AlHamaydeh et al., 2013). The stripped-down seismic design requirements set by the local authorities in Dubai be smalld on the 1997 homogeneous Building Code (UBC97). However, the municipality has been proactive in adapting to tremors that were felt and measured in UAE in April, 2013. They sent a circular to consulting offices in May, 2013 raising the tokenish requirement to zone 2B for buildings higher than nine stories and zone 2A for buildings between quadruplet to nine stories. Therefore, the unprecedented growth in the itemize of buildings in Dubai unite with the lack of consensus on seismic design criteria complicate the vulnerability to earthquakes. It is for the or so part believed that the UAE has low seismicity. Nevertheless, over the past few years, a significant encipher of speech of regional seismic activities, originating from faults surrounding the UAE, has been recorded by Dubai Seismic entanglement (DSN). Additionall y, DSN has recorded some local seismic activities over the period from 2006 to 2014.UAE seismicity is change by earthquakes originating from near-fault and far-field seismic sources (Mwafy, 2011). The most recent seismic bet on choose for UAE, available to the authors, was published in 2013 by Khan et al. (2013). The prove provided a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard assessment and phantasmal accelerations for the blameless UAE. Furthermore, it implemented a standardized earthquakes catalogue for UAE compiled from United States Geological be (USGS), National Geosciences of Iran (2015) and the National Center of Meteorology and Seismology of UAE (NCMS) (2015) that dates back to 110 years. Furthermore, Khan et al. (2013) have apply seven contrary ground bm foresight equations incorporating collar next generation attenuation equations due to the lack of specific equations for UAE. They attributed UAE seismicity to the seismic source zones shown in Figure 1. In addi tion, the seismic hazard study by Shama in 2011 highlighted several local crustal faults in UAE that skill affect its seismicity level. These faults atomic number 18 Dibba, Wadi El Fay, Wadi Ham, Wadi-Shimal, Oman and West Coast fault (Shama, 2011). Unfortunately, the level of seismicity is not clearly set since there is no strong consensus among researchers about the exact seismic level of UAE or Dubai. On the other hand, reviewing the available probabilistic seismic hazard studies conducted for UAE and Dubai clearly shows that there argon significant variations in the estimated seismicity levels. In fact, results vary from no seismic hazard to very(prenominal) high seismicity. Table 1 shows a summary of Peak acres Accelerations (PGA) from several probabilistic seismic hazard studies. The inform PGAs vary from less than 0.05g to 0.32g. This is attributed to the differences in the used source zonation, recurrence parameters, earthquake catalogues and ground performance predict ion equations. The differences are mainly due to the lack of expand seismological measurement and data in this region and such data is requisite to provide a comprehensive and sound seismic hazard study (AlHamaydeh et al., 2013). The variation in seismicity was a driving factor for many research studies related to the impact on design of buildings in Dubai, such as (AlHamaydeh et al., 2010 AlHamaydeh et al., 2011 and AlHamaydeh and Al-Shamsi, 2013).The objective of this stem is to investigate the impact of the seismicity hazard level on the performance, construction, repair and downtime costs of reinforced concrete (RC) rob wall buildings in Dubai. In this regard, half a dozen RC hook wall buildings are knowing and exact pastime the 2012 International Building Code (IBC12) standards. The reference buildings are 6-story, 9-story and 12-story. They are chosen to target the main sectors of buildings inventory in Dubai, UAE. These buildings are designed for devil different sei smic hazard levels that represent high and castigate seismicity estimates of Dubai. The different designs are compared stalkd on their seismic performance, construction and repair costs in tell to investigate and quantify the impact of the seismic design level. The seismic performance is evaluated hobby the methodology outlined in FEMA P695, which is a technical publication aiming to establish standard procedures for quantifying the seismic performance factors of buildings (Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 2009). The assessment methodology is ground on nonlinear pseudo- placid and dynamic analyses. The nonlinear reply history analyses are performed victimisation a set of ground motion records selected and scaled to represent the highest feasible seismic activity in Dubai. As such, this would highlight the implications on design, seismic performance, construction and repair costs of RC rob wall buildings designed for different seismic hazard levels in Dubai, if th e high seismicity estimate turns to be the most realistic. In addition, total construction cost is estimated considering morphologic and non-structural components. Finally, the repair cost is evaluated based on the structural and non-structural damage percentages adapted from SEAOC blue keep back (Structural Engineers Association of California, 1999).Details of the Reference BuildingsThe sestet reference buildings considered in this paper are intended to represent regular office buildings placed in Dubai, UAE. The buildings have number of floors ranging from 6 to 12 stories to represent the majority of special K buildings in Dubai. They are made up of RC and have a normal floor plan as shown in Figure 2. The plan consists of basketball team 6m (20ft) bays and total dimensions of 30mx30m (100ftx100ft). Furthermore, the overall structural height varies between 24m to 48m (78ft to 156ft) with a typical floor height of 4m (13ft). The squint-eyed force resisting system consist s of special RC snip wall placed along the circuit of the building. This ar turn tailment ensures that center of freshet is close to center of rigidity, hence it avoids inherent crookednessal set up. In addition, placing the walls along the perimeter boosts the building torsional resistance and reduces the gazump demands on walls due to accidental torsion effects.The gravity system consists of RC square columns, while the floor system comprises of cast-in-situ even plate. However, the gravity system is not designed to be part of the lateral force resisting system. It is only designed to support erect fill up and to run across the de system compatibility requirement. For design purposes, concrete compressive strength () is assumed to be 28MPa (4.0ksi) for columns and slabs, and 38MPa (5.0ksi) for fleece walls. Additionally, the yield strength (fy) of reinforcer is assumed to be 420MPa (60ksi). Super obligate Dead Load (SDL) is 3.6kPa (75psf), excluding the self-weight of the concrete slabs. This SDL value is a conservative estimate putting surfacely used for office buildings in Dubai. The breakdown of this estimate is as follows 2 kPa (for 100mm of leveling screed and flooring tiles), 1 kPa for partitions (usually movable partitions) and 0.6 kPa allowance for mechanical, electrical and plumping overhanging services. Curtain wall (cladding) load on the perimeter of severally floor is 0.72kPa (15psf). Moreover, for office buildings the typical floors outlive load is 2.4kPa (50psf) and the roof live load is 1kPa (20psf) as per ASCE7-10.The sise reference buildings are designed and detailed according to IBC12 requirements for two different seismic hazard levels representing high and keep seismicity estimates in Dubai. The selection of the two seismic design levels is driven by the existing uncertainty in seismic loading and the substantial divergence in reported seismic hazard levels for UAE and Dubai. Therefore, it is deemed a reasonable pick f or the objective of this paper to consider the highest and moderate seismicity levels. This would allow investigating the consequences of the potential alternative seismic loading levels available to designers. The highest seismicity level represents the swiftness bound, and it is obtained from USGS (2015). The USGS seismic hazard level for Dubai estimate is selected in this study (i.e. Ss = 1.65g and S1 = 0.65g). Moreover, the moderate seismic design level represents Abu Dhabi International Building Code 2011 (ADIBC11) estimate for Dubai. The springy design response spectra for the two considered seismicity levels along with the ASCE7-10 estimated fundamental periods of the studied six buildings are presented in Figure 3. As shown, at each seismic design level, three buildings with 6-stories, 9-stories and 12-stories are designed with special RC fleece walls. succinct of all buildings details including response modification factors (R and Cd), design spectral accelerations and rubber band fundamental time periods, and approximate periods upper limit are accustomed in Table 2. It is worth mentioning that the ground motion input parameters (Ss and S1) of the two seismicity levels (high and moderate) result in Seismic Design Category (SDC) D for the six considered buildings. Consequently, ordinary RC shear walls are not permitted by the design economy (i.e. ASCE7-10). Thus, all buildings are required to have special RC walls. Furthermore, choosing special specificization for both seismicity levels would allow investigating the direct impact of the seismic design level on the cost and performance of walls with same level of en sizeable requirements. The buildings are given a legend showing its ID (i.e. Building1 to Building6), number of stories (i.e. 6Story, 9Story or 12Story), seismic design level (i.e. High or Moderate) and shear wall eccentric person (i.e. Special or Ordinary). A site class D is assumed for the six reference buildings. This assumptio n complies with IBC12 recommendations.Design abbreviationThe buildings are designed and detailed in accordance to IBC12 standards which refers to ASCE7-10 for minimum design load and ACI318-11for structural concrete requirements. The designs implement the state of the art practices in design and construction followed in Dubai, UAE. For the design purposes, elastic abstract is done utilize 3D archetypes on CSI ETABS commercial package (ETABS, 2015). To determine the majority of the seismic mass, the gravity system is designed first and fixed for the three buildings.The gravity system is designed to resist axial forces from all vertical loads in addition to the moments and shears bring forth from deformation compatibility requirements. In order to ensure the structural stability of gravity columns, they are designed to resist the induced actions (bending moments and shear forces) from the deformations that will be imposed by earthquake excitations on the building. The bending m oments and shear forces are estimated based on the supreme allowable inter-story drift by IBC12 which is 2%. The stiffness of the columns is estimated using ETABS by applying a force at the top and shtup of the considered story and by getting the corresponding displacement. The shear forces are then cypher by multiplying the maximum allowable displacement by the stiffness of each column. so from the shear force, the moment is organised as shown in Equations (1) and (2). (1) (2)Where V is shear force, d is displacement ( reckon using ETABS), M is bending moment and L is column height. It should be noted that concrete shear strength is form sufficient to resist the shear forces due to imposed deformations by employ seismic forces. Therefore, minimum lateral reinforcement (i.e. column ties) is provided in columns with reference to clause 7.10 in ACI318-11. The gravity system components (i.e. flat plates and columns) are designed in accordance to ACI318-11 provisions using in-ho use design spreadsheets. For an honed design, following earthy design trends in UAE, columns cross sections and reinforcement are radicaled and changed both three floors. The gravity system is commonplace between buildings with the same number of floors. The gravity columns design details for the six reference buildings are summarized in Figure 4. Figure 4 (a), (b) and (c) show the dimensions and reinforcement details of the 6- , 9- and 12-story buildings, respectively. On the left side of each Figure, the columns cross section dimensions are provided over each group of floors. The right side shows the vertical and horizontal reinforcement of the different columns (i.e. columns around the opening and remaining columns) in each group of floors. The minimum required slab thickness is calculated such that it satisfies ACI318-11 Table 9.5(c) minimum requirements. For the longest clear span of 5.3m, the minimum required thickness is 177mm. This figure is rounded up and 200mm thick f lat plates are used. The flat plates are reinforced with T16 reinforcement bars spaced at 125mm, top and bottom in both directions. Additional T20 reinforcement spaced at 125mm (2m long) are added on top of columns in both directions.The lateral system is designed to resist the seismic lateral loads determined according to IBC12 tranquil Equivalent Lateral Force (SELF) method. The SELF method is permitted for all the six reference buildings. This is because the total height for all buildings does not exceed 48m (160ft), the SDC is D and no structural irregularities exist according to ASCE7-10, Table 12.6-1. Linear static analysis is performed using ETABS to evaluate the induced forces and displacements from seismic forces. Then, shear walls are designed to satisfy strength and drift requirements. Inter-story drift ratios are controlled in spite of appearance order, IBC12, limits (2%) by varying the shear wall stiffness through ever-changing its in-plan length. Strength requiremen ts are satisfied by designing the shear walls for the induced bending moments and shear forces by the seismic actions using Quickwall software (Quick cover Wall, 2015). Shear walls thickness and reinforcement are changed every three floors to optimize the design and to match common design practices in Dubai. However, walls in-plane length is unplowed constant throughout the buildings height to avoid any vertical structural irregularities. The need for specially detailed bound elements is checked every three floors using the displacement-based nuzzle. The use of displacement based approach for checking the boundary elements vertical extent is preferred over the use of stress-based approach. This is because the latter approach was prove to provide highly conservative requirements for the special detailing (Wallace and Moehle, 1992) and (Thomsen IV and Wallace, 2004). For working constructability, boundary elements are designed to have the same wall thickness. Additionally, to pla y along with ACI318-11 minimum thickness requirements and conform to typical design practices in the UAE, an persuasion ratio of at least 25.4mm 304.8mm (1in 12in) is maintained between wall thickness and length. The walls minimum thickness depends on the unassisted height and length. Therefore, as the walls unsupported heights across the different buildings are constant (i.e. limited by the typical story height), it is necessary to impose a practical touchstone on the walls thickness as we change the length from building to building. This approach guarantees that the different designs are subjected to the same guidelines, especially for sizing the walls cross sections. This would result in a fair response comparison among all designs as they follow similar basis that imitates typical design practices in the UAE. During initial dynamic analyses of the 12-story buildings, B5-12S-H-S and B6-12S-M-S, it was observed that the critical section was not at the walls base. This is contra dicting the code assumption of having a single critical section at the base of cantilevered shear walls. The critical section resulting in the dynamic analysis was rattling shifted from the wall base to the bottom of the lowest floor in upper quarter of the building (10th floor). The initiated failure mechanism was governed by higher modes effects and the formation of plastic hinges at upper floors. The optimization done ab initio to the design by reducing dimensions and reinforcement for upper floors magnified the impact of higher modes effects. As a result, it triggered the failure and plastic hinge formation to be initiated at the reduced cross section. Therefore, the critical section became located at the weak spot at higher levels, which resulted in an untoward premature collapse mechanism. This observation has been highlighted by previous researchers, such as Tremblay et al. (2001), Bachmann and Linde (1995), and Panneton et al. (2006). It was in any case experimentally pr oven by shake table and cyclical loading tests (El-Sokkary et al., 2013). As an example, the average verb analysis of the 12-story building, B5-12S-H-S, is shown in Table 3. It can be seen that there are clear separations between the individual modes characteristics (periods and modal masses). This is generally expected in a flexural cantilever structural type (i.e. shear walls). The first mode effective mass is usually ranging from 50% to 70% and the second mode period is approximately one sixth of the first mode. This is consistent with many research studies which investigated the effects of higher modes on response of cantilever shear walls (e.g. Humar and Mahgoub, 2003 and Tremblay et al., 2001). Furthermore, it is clear that relative modal weights (%) and modal participation factors are relatively high at 7th, 8th and twelfth vibration modes which highlights the impact of higher modes. As a result, the design was revise by charge the cross section and reinforcement constant for the upper half of the 12-story (B5-12S-H-S and B6-12S-M-S) and 9-story buildings (B3-9S-H-S and B4-9S-M-S). For 6-story buildings (B1-6S-H-S and B2-6S-M-S), a single cross-section was used for all floors with terminating boundary element at third floor. This conforms to the state-of-art design and construction practices in Dubai, UAE. It also matches the design philosophy adopted in other 12-story and 9-story buildings by keeping the same cross section and reinforcement for upper six floors. Summary of the shear walls design details is shown in Figure 5.Nonlinear mannikinThe six reference buildings are modeled using lumped plasticity formulations on IDARC-2D (Reinhorn et al., 2009). Since the buildings are symmetric, mass participation of torsional modes of vibration are low. Therefore, torsional effects are negligible and a two-dimensional model is sufficient to simulate the buildings response. The shear walls are idealized using macro-models by representing the structural me mbers with equivalent elements possessing all nonlinear characteristics. The members nonlinear characteristics depend on distribution of plasticity and yield penetration. A lumped plasticity model consisting of two nonlinear rotational springs located at the ends and an elastic member is used for the shear walls. The nonlinearity is concentrated at the locations of the nonlinear rotational springs. The flexural and shear deformations of the shear walls are modelled using the tri-linear (three parameter) hysteretic model developed by Park et al. (1987). The tri-linear hysteretic models allow controlling the stiffness debasement and strength deterioration due to ductility and energy. In addition, the axial deformations of the shear walls are considered by a linear-elastic spring. For the shear walls, the moment-curvature and shear-distortion are calculated using the fiber elements procedure of IDARC2D. The wall cross section is divided into number of fibers and then subjected to incre ments of curvatures. From strain compatibility and equilibrium, the strains are calculated and used to compute the resulting axial forces and bending moments in the section (Reinhorn et al., 2009).Results and Discussion The buildings seismic performance is evaluated following FEMA P695 methodology (2009). FEMA P695 approach is based on nonlinear pseudo static (pushover) analysis, Incremental Dynamic abridgment (IDA) and fragility analysis. Pushover analysis is used to validate the nonlinear model and estimate the period based ductility of the buildings. Then, IDA analysis is performed using a suite of far-field ground motion records to estimate the median collapse intensity and collapse margin ratio. The far-field ground motion records are scaled to match the MCE response spectrum of the highest seismicity estimate in UAE. This seismicity hazard level is as estimated by USGS (2015) for Dubai (Ss = 1.65 g and S1 = 0.65 g). The selected scaling level simulates the worst, save possib le seismic hazard scenario from distant sources (e.g. Zagros thrust or Makran subduction zone) as highlighted by Sigbjornsson and Elnashai (2006). Thus, it allows assessing the consequences of the selected seismic design level (i.e. high or moderate) on the seismic performance, construction and repair costs of RC shear wall buildings in Dubai. The calculated collapse margin ratios from the IDA are ad respectableed to account for uncertainties in design basis, test data, nonlinear modeling and to consider the spectral cast of the ground motion records. The spectral content is accounted for based on the calculated period based ductility. Adjusted IDA results are lastly used to calculate exceedance probabilities for ASCE-41 (2013) performance levels, Collapse Prevention (CP), Life Safety (LS) and Immediate line (IO).Nonlinear Pseudo-Static (Pushover) Analysis Pushover analysis is performed using an inverted triangle displacement profile as a pushing function for all buildings. The intensity is increased monotonically until the ultimate base shear degrades by 20%. The results are used to construct capacity curves (back-bone) for the reference buildings in the form of roof drift ratio versus base shear coefficient (i.e. base shear normalized by seismic weight). Pushover capacity curves are used to assess the buildings deformation and strength capacities.The capacity curves of the three buildings designed for the high seismicity estimate (i.e. B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S) are shown in Figure 6. Normalized base shear capacities are 0.57, 0.5 and 0.46 for B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S, respectively. As expected, base shear capacity is higher for the shorter building (6-story). This is attributed to the higher design forces which resulted from the relatively higher initial stiffness of squat shear walls compared to their subtile counterpart. B1-6S-H-S reached a maximum roof drift ratio, prior collapse, of 6.5%, while B3-9S-H-S reached 6% and B5-12S-H -S reached 7.25%. The three buildings have period-based ductility calculated as recommended by FEMA P695 great than 8. It can also be observed that in the three high seismicity designs, the capacity curves do not experience sinful degradation in strength or deterioration in stiffness. This matches the expected behavior of swell up detailed special RC shear walls with confined boundary elements. It is noticed from the final damage states of the buildings, at 20% strength degradation, that static pushover analysis resulted in a failure mode at the base of the shear walls conforming to the design code assumed critical section. The overall structural damage index reported by IDARC-2D is 0.359, 0.426 and 0.618 for B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S. It is worth mentioning that these damages are concentrated at first floor shear walls.Established capacity curves for buildings designed for moderate seismicity (B2-6S-M-S, B4-9S-M-S and B6-12S-M-S) are presented in Figure 6. From shown c apacity curves, normalized base shear capacities are 0.31, 0.26 and 0.24 for buildings B2-6S-M-S, B4-9S-M-S and B6-12S-M-S, respectively. Similar to the high seismicity design, the 6-story building has the highest normalized base shear capacity. This is due to its lateral system (shear walls) relatively higher stiffness which resulted in higher demands. Maximum drift ratios, prior collapse achieved by B2-6S-M-S, B4-9S-M-S and B6-12S-M-S are 9.25%, 8% and 3.5%, respectively. The three designs have period-based ductility greater than 8 calculated as recommended by FEMA P695. The overall structural damage index reported by IDARC-2D is 0.371 for B2-6S-M-S, 0.455 for B4-9S-M-S and 0.359 for B6-12S-M-S. These damages are triggered at the first floor shear walls only. Therefore, similar to high seismicity designs, the pseudo static pushover analysis results of moderate seismicity designs suggests a single critical section at the wall base. This expiration matches with design code recommen dation for regular buildings permitted to be designed following the static method (SELF) by ASCE7-10.Nonlinear Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) The seismic performance of the reference buildings is investigated under the random nature of earthquakes. model nonlinear pseudo-static analysis does not inherently fully capture the higher modes effects which usually govern the response of tall and irregular buildings. Consequently, the use of nonlinear dynamic analysis is more appropriate in such cases. IDA provides better insight of the expected structural response from the linear range through the nonlinear response and until it losses stability and collapse (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2004). The IDA in this case is performed using a very fine increment of 0.1g for the spectral accelerations. The increments are increased until all ground motion records caused the buildings to collapse or exceed the CP maximum drift ratio limit of 2% as specified by ASCE-41. However, the maximum spectra l acceleration for all the records is not increased more than 2.5g. The total number of dynamic analysis runs performed for each reference building is around 1100 (22 records x 2 components x 25 scale factors).Figure 7 presents the resulting IDA curves for high seismicity designs, B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S. The structural response derived from IDA curves can depend to some extent on the characteristics of the particular accelerograms used. Thus, the performance is judged based on a suit of ground motion records to segregate this effect. On average, at low drift ratios (approximately up to 1%), the three designs (B1-6S-H-S, B3-9S-H-S and B5-12S-H-S) expose a linear behavior. The same linear behavior is resulting from some of the ground motion records up to the MCE spectral acceleration. At higher spectral accelerations, the structural response starts to vary showing several patterns of nonlinearities, such as softening, bent and weaving. For only few records, the structur e seems to soften and move to large drifts rapidly until it reaches collapse. Collapse in these curves, whether resulting from crossroad issues, numerical instabilities, or very large drift ratio, is represented using a drift ratio of 10% and a flat line in IDA curves. Majority of the earthquake records caused severe hardening and weaving around the elastic response. The weaving observation conforms to the common pair displacement rule stating that inelastic and elastic displacements are equal for structures with relatively moderate time periods (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2002). In addition, for some records, the hardening phenomenon in which the structure seems to perform better at higher intensities is somewhat against the common expectation (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2002). This is because generally the time and pattern of the time-history governs the response more than just the intensity. Moreover, the upward scaling done to the records makes the less responsive cycles at the c ounterbalance of the time-history strong enough to cause damage and yielding of the structural elements. Therefore, some strong ground motion records at some intensity index cause early yielding of a specific floor, usually a low floor. This floor acts as a sacrificial fuse which reduces the response of higher floors (Vamvatsikos and Cornell, 2002). Another very interesting observation that is clearly seen in IDA curves shown in Figure 7 is what is called Structural Resurrection. This phenomenon has been observed by Vamvatsikos and Cornell (2002) and is define as a severe hardening behavior. In structural resurrection, the building moves all the way to complete collapse (numerical instability or convergence issues) at some intensity. Then at higher intensities it shows a disappoint or higher response, but without collapsing. This happens because the time and pattern of the ground motion record at a particular intensity might be more damaging than at higher intensities. In other w ords, this particular intensity causes the stru

The Non Dredged Reclamation Method

The Non Dredged Reclamation MethodWith the rapid economic and creation growth, various economic, social, housing and transport needs of the community are increasing, resulting in increasing demand for land come out. Due to the limited land supply, reclamation is commonly used to tackle the problem in Hong Kong. However, reclamation does not only contribute to the economic development but also the environmental degradation. In this essay, problems caused by reclamation and possible solutions will be discussed.As mentioned in Environmental Impact Assessment Report (2001), dredging, disposal of shipboard soldier mud and bulk requireing activities whitethorn give get up to many potential impacts on urine quality. Firstly, solids may be suspended in the water column. Secondly, as mud waves and turbulent flow will be generated, by disturbance, organic and inorganic substances e.g. ammonia, heavy metals and sulphides may be released into the water column. Thirdly, during the compacti ng and settling answer in site formation, contaminants and leachate may be devoted out from pore water and sediments respectively. As a result, the maritime water quality will be deteriorated.2.2 Marine ecosystemAccording to Chan (2000), dredging and disposal of negate involved in reclamation will bring adverse personal effects to the shipboard soldier ecosystem. Firstly, removal of sediment may lead to the loss of habitat. Secondly, marine organisms may entrain during dredging. Thirdly, dissolved oxygen will be lowly and nutrients will be released into the water. In particular, if there is a signifi fecal mattert rise in the nutrient level, algal productivity will increase which may result in red tides.2.3 Air qualityThe problem of airwave pollution will arise during the operation period of reclamation as a large amount of trunk will be emitted where the dust here refers to general suspended particulates. Among various kinds of origins of air pollution, earthmoving (loading, unloading and bulldozing), attract road traffic on unpaved roads and wind wearing of the open site area lower the air quality the approximately (Chan, 2000).Solutions3.1 The non-dredged reclamation manner actingTraditionally, the soft marine mud in the ocean bottom is replaced by sand fill to make a strong hind end for rampart construction. Dredging and disposing of marine mud are thus involved. As the dredging process in reclamation is the fundamental cause for the environmental impacts mentioned above, the non-dredged reclamation rule is advocated for the future reclamation projects. Making reference to Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Hong Kong Projects (2011), this reclamation mode does not require dredging the soft marine mud in the sea bottom before backfilling. Instead, inert construction and demolition material is used to fill many large interlocked steel cells. The steel cells will then abase in the water and stay on the alluvium, forming the perimeter wall. (Item s, 2011)As build in Items (2011), the non-dredge reclamation has many benefits over the formal dredge seawall construction method. For instance, dredging and dumping of marine mud stomach be almost completely avoided. Also, only 30% of the original suspended particles will be released during reclamation and only half of the backfilling material will be needed. so the construction marine traffic can be decreased by about 50%. It can be concluded that the non-dredge reclamation method will bring less environmental impacts and therefore it is a recrudesce choice for reclamation.3.2 Development of hole-and-corner(a) spaceEnhanced use of thermionic tube space is an effective and feasible alternative to increase land supply as Hong Kong is mountainous and abundant with strong volcanic and granitic rocks. This geographical characteristic favours the development of resistance space in Hong Kong. Rock caverns can be developed for various land uses such as crematorium, substation, sew er treatment facilities etc (Hong Kong Underground Space Study Executive Summary, 2009).While two measures can relieve the problem of lack of available land, developing underground space has some advantages over reclamation. For example, some undesirable uses like turn away collection point can be built underground so that the impacts on the residents living nearby can be minimised. Moreover, developing underground space does not cause much pollution or pass water away natural resources, which means that the natural environment can be p obliged.ConclusionThough reclamation can provide for the requirements of the economic development, the conventional reclamation method causes water pollution, air pollution and adversely affects the marine ecosystem, which is not an ideal act for the society. In order to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation, the non-dredged reclamation method should be adopted for future reclamation projects as it is more environ mentally friendly. In addition to reclamation, development of underground space should be considered which can act as an alternative to increase land supply and reserve our valuable harbour.

Effect of Technology on Urban Spaces

Effect of Technology on Urban SpacesEmerging Enclaves of Innovation in multimedia musical exhibition ServicesAkanksha NayyarIn netherstanding the complex interactions surrounded by nucleotide networks and urban spaces, Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin explore the emerging enclaves of conversion in multimedia system go. The formation of these gentrifying cyber districts is fueled by the harvestingion of internet services, digitization of tendency, architecture, gaming, CD-ROMs and music1. To be more specific, the regions that brace underg whizz such enclave development include untried Yorks atomic number 14 Alley, San Franciscos multimedia Gulch, and Londons Soho to name a few. In order to thoroughly understand the influence that multimedia services have had on these urban places, this report will depictk to critic in ally analyze their economic, kind and policy-making environments. In addition, how these urban places represent an answer of the globular economy, and h ow they ar marryed both glocally and ball-shapedly, will be discussed. Finally, a countersign in regards to the technologies that argon important to the activities of these districts will be explored.ECONOMIC purlieuThe economic impacts of the cyber gentrification of the regions previously mentioned possess both booming and alarming characteristics. For starters, New York Citys most densely populate region, Manhattan, experienced the highest internet activity on the planet.2 This paved the way for the development of its Silicon Alley which is home to a booming set of interactive media industries. 56,000 jobs from 2,200 firms were created in this sector alone, which is as more as a one hundred five% increase between 1996 and 1998.3 As a direct import of this, substantial investments were do in the form of restaurants, corporate retailers, property firms, loft developers, and stand companies.4 Furthermore, the urban center of New York has gone as far as backing the hot media enclaves with tax holidays, grants, loan funding and financial support for concrete initiatives, such as Plug N Go, which converts properties into internet-ready real state5.On the other hand, in San Franciscos multimedia system Gulch, we cause to determine a negative economic impact. Although, surveys have shown that more than 35,000 people be right off working in the multimedia industry, with the vast major(ip)ity being from Multimedia Gulch, there have been some(prenominal) protests.6 There have been issues regarding a omit of parking and a city bureaucracy that has made it tough for companies to expand. Moreover, real estate speculators have colonized certain districts and in turn, ca recitationd the rental cost to increase.7 Consequently, poorer residents can no longer afford to live in their residences. This in turn, creates a larger economic disparity between low-income and medium-to-high income citizens.Based on an analysis of solely the economic environment , it becomes apparent that the job creation and potpourri magnitude investment levels as a result of the dot-commers have a supreme effect. That being said, unless the fact still remains that at that record in time, the internet remained as the preserve of a small ball-shaped elite between two to five portion of the spherical population.8 In simple terms, the rich get richer as the poor get poorer. The high-income individuals are being provided niftyer resources, such as the internet and communication technologies (ICTs), to come along increase their wealth.9 Whereas the lack of access to these ICTs by low-income individuals prohibits them from improving their financial affairs, which therefore widens the overall economic gap between each income- chassis.10 neighborly ENVIRONMENTThe creation of advanced enclaves as a result of multimedia services has excessively greatly impacted the social build-up of each region. The procedure of gentrification, wherein middle-to-upper class people take up residence in a tralatitiously working-class area of the city, ultimately changes the character of the area.11 For example, often measure the re tress of these urban neighborhoods genuine a playful reputation to leave to a diverse and chic population, who are able to dissemble use of various causas of ethnic restaurants, art spaces and shops.12 In the Alley, people are force from all corners of the earth. The cultural blend and alteration of ethnic traditions, view signs and value systems have enriched all lives.13 Silicon Alley has become a model of how diversity can add strength and unity to a complex community.Furthermore, in the Multimedia Gulch, several neighborhoods were gentrified to sustain the cluttering demands of interlocking micro, small and medium-size firms in digital design, advertising gaming, publishing, fashion, music, multimedia, computing and communications.14 At first glance, this appears to be a halcyon development of a given neigh borhood. However, the underlying issue is that it reinforces a class hierarchy, wherein only certain individuals have access to these new markets. The issue continues as these enclaves create two parallel communication systems the first is suited for individuals that are socioeconomically affluent and are now being provided access to ICTs and multimedia services that provide them with information at high speeds and low costs. On the other hand, the second communication system is for less educated individuals who governance barriers of cost, time, uncertainty, and ultimately depend on outdated information.15 The co personifyence of these two communication systems creates a fruitful future for the individuals at the top of the class hierarchy, and despair for those at the opposite end.Some of the more alarming social characteristics of these enclaves include increase stress levels for older residents of gentrifying neighborhoods. These stress levels have been associated with rises in the death range of elderly seniors.16 In combining both the economic and social characteristics, we begin to paint a picture wherein there is a trend towards the elision of poorer people from the cities. It is important to note that the whole purpose of innovative multimedia services and ICTs is that they provide us with limitless possibilities for overcoming traditional social and geo in writing(p)al barriers, however it appears that this is only true for a segment of the population.POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTThe emergence of innovative enclaves of multimedia services also has ramifications towards their respective political environments. For instance, political coalitions such as the Yuppe Eradiction Project have surfaced in the Multimedia Gulch.17 These coalitions are a response to the dot-com invasion and operate under the banner The Internet killed San Francisco. Among the issues targeted by the coalition include real estate prices, homelessness, and accentuating landscapes of s ocial and geographical polarization.18 The creation of these enclaves also poses a problem for ratiocination arousers in regards to the planning aspect of the city. The growths experienced in multimedia clusters and digital centers have had a great impact on issues such as car parking, among other transportation issues. In addition, decision makers are also forced to explore issues such as the ownership and control of digitized information.19 burden OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMYSince the beginning of the sphericization era, the world continues to take ink new methods in which it can exchange information, products and services with one another. It is because of the very subscribe to for us to continuously connect and exchange with the rest of the planet that we catch the emergence of enclaves of innovation in multimedia services. For example, in Soho, London, a media enclave has developed dedicated infrastructure that allows it to extend to global markets in real time. Coined Sohonet, the system links the tight concentration of film and media companies, television bounteouscasters, publishers, internet providers, graphic designers and recording studio headquarters in London directly with Hollywood film studios by dint of seamless transatlantic fiber connections.20 Sohonet is just one example that allows us to see how the emergence of these media enclaves is an outcome of the global economy. As more and more people around the world demand global events, such as sports, music, and Hollywood films, the emergence of these enclaves is inevitable.Furthermore, we see a interchangeable enclave development in Malaysia with its $20 billion Multimedia Supercorridor ( samarium).21 The aim of the MSC is to replace Malaysias manufacturing-dominated economy with services, IT, media and communication industries in an effort to make it Asias technology hub by 2020.22 This example allows us to see that in an effort to become globally relevant, Malaysia has witnessed a developme nt of its own enclave of innovation in multimedia services.ENCLAVES ON A GLOBAL AND LOCAL PRESPECTIVEglobalization allows us to see how these media enclaves are connected on a broad scale. That being said, in order to enjoy the benefits of global urbanization through multimedia and information exchange, the relationship between global and local cultures must be understood. Allen J. Scott touches upon the concept of glocal connectivity in The Cultural Economy of Cities. He asserts that galore(postnominal) media giants seeking to develop distinctive products insert themselves into regional cultural-economic systems.23 By this, Scott refers to an arrangement wherein companies create close linkages and working relations with several other firms in order to ultimately tap into the specialized skills of the local labour force. This is essentially the foundation of glocalization, wherein the concept dictates that in a global market, a product or service is more likely to succeed when it is customized for the locality or culture in which it is sold.24 This theory allows us to see why several firms cluster in certain districts such as the Silicon Alley, Multimedia Gulch, or Soho.In the Rise of the Creative Class by Richard Florida, he explores the idea that as the symbolic attributes of products or services becomes more important, so too do places that host firms.25 Urban places such as the Silicon Alley, Multimedia Gulch, or Soho are adept at incorporating cultural knowledge, design distinctiveness, and fashionability into products or services. This is because these types of places draw upon the types of creative lifestyles necessary, such as talented photograph producers, chic advertising executives, and distinctive web designers.26 On the other hand, we also see that these enclaves can be glocally connected in a much different way. For example, we sometimes see that there are extreme asymmetries that exist amongst the North-South relations in regards to multimed ia. For instance, TV and Internet media provide a great deal of Anglo-Saxon content in developing nations as the US culture is extended through the growth of electronic connections.27 We see this specifically with the Soho enclave. Their commitment to developing infrastructure that provides them with real time information with Hollywood and other North American multimedia services demonstrates this type of dependence. This is originally because the local population demands it. Alternatively, we dont see this same type of counter-dependence in the North American multimedia enclaves on Soho. This allows us to see the relationship between global and local relationships, as the concept of glocalization demonstrates that in achieving global objectives, the preferences of locality cultures must be considered.USE OF TECHNOLOGIESIn considering the technologies that make the existence of these multimedia enclaves possible, it is important to acknowledge the industrys growing and developme nt of infrastructure. Over the course of 20 years, the ICT industry has moved from having an insignificant presence to becoming one of the worlds fastest growing and potentially largest industries.28 For example, Western Europes ICT industry accounted for 2 percent of Gross Domestic Product in 1984 this figure was expected to change to approximately 7 percent by 2000, with 60 percent of all jobs to be supported either directly or indirectly by ICTs.29 In order to accommodate the rapid growth in this industry, a strong infrastructural foundation was required. As such, the technologies required by these cyber districts ultimately made use of the infrastructure laid out in the Global Cities during the construction of financial enclaves, as discussed by Graham.30 Furthermore, the traditionally used copper and homocentric cable links are increasingly being supplemented or in all replaced by optic fiber, wireless, microwave and highly efficient satellite systems. Cities are now being c onnected through giant lattices of advanced telecom links. More importantly, this connects the urban hubs together into the global electronic grid.31The connection between the local and global environments factors into our previous discussion of the everlasting need to connect and exchange with the rest of the planet. These grids provide the technological basis necessary for the flows of global telecommunication traffic, including transmissions such as voice flows, faxes, data flows, image flows, TV and video signals.32 An important milestone to make note of is when the industry began to see interpenetration between the two existing networks of communication in these media enclaves the traditional mass media, such as cable TV, and internet-based communication networks, such as websites. An example of this interpenetration is when the traditional mass media makes use of internet-based blogs and interactive networks in order to reach their target audiences.33 The convergence of these two networks is a place strength that has allowed for the emergence of innovative multimedia enclaves to occur.In concluding the discussion on emerging enclaves of innovation in multimedia services, it is worthwhile to summarize. The major issues that present themselves against the emergence of these enclaves are primarily produced as a result of the gentrification process. This marginalizes the poorer citizens of the districts in question, and consequently, adds pressure on to the economic, social, and political environments of each urban place. devoted that globalization necessitates, the services provided by these types of enclaves, and the benefits witnessed through the relationship between global and local cultures, it is vital for us to attempt to find a solution. As such, we begin to see a wide range of efforts by non-profit agencies, social movements, and municipalities aimed to extending access to ICTs to poorer, marginalized groups and communities.34 This is not to rely on a simplistic ideal, or a silver bullet, that will serve as a solution to much more complex problems. However, it is a starting point that could begin to improve and potentially shorten some of the economic, social, and political gaps we see as a result of the development of these enclaves. The innovations achieved through these districts are undeniably in the best interest of society as a whole, however consideration and care must be given to those individuals that are marginalized in the process.WORK CITEDCastells, M. (2011).The rise of the network society The information age. (2nd ed., Vol. 1). John Wiley Sons. Retrieved from http//books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=FihjywtjTdUCoi=fndpg=PA1968dq=relatedNCOsPP8QZtUJscholar.google.com/ots=l10pXWCS9Ysig=rTK_31NRi-n6v0pwhe_gBs9bYvAGentrification. 2014. InMerriam-Webster.com.Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentrifacationGlocalization. 2014. InMerriam-Webster.com.Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glocalizationGottlieb, J. (1999). Silicon back street..new york city. Retrieved from http//iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring99/Gottlieb/got.htmlGraham, S., Marvin, S. (1996).Telecommunications and the city Electronic spaces, urban places. Psychology Press. Retrieved from http//books.google.ca/books?id=YNorjRJnVEMCpg=PA327lpg=PA327dq=Telecommunications+and+the+Citysource=blots=nnPRvam8Wjsig=ZxrMAa0beIJqa5cNq96BfWmXC44hl=ensa=Xei=q8AjU9zlHs2oqwHMmIGoDgved=0CGIQ6AEwBwv=onepageq=Telecommunications%20and%20the%20Cityf=falseGraham, S. (1998). The end of geographics or the explosion of place? conceptualizing space, place and information technology.Progress in human Geography,22(2), Retrieved from http//www.realtechsupport.org/UB/NP/IoT_ExplosionSpace_1998.pdfGraham, S. (2000). Constructing premium network spaces. International Journal of Urban and regional Research,24(1), Retrieved from http//old.geog.psu.edu/courses/geog497b/Readings/Graham.pdfGra ham, S. (2000).Bridging urban digital divides? urban polarization and information and communication technologies (ICTs). (Vol. 39). New York Carfax Publishing. Retrieved from http//www.nomads.usp.br/documentos/textos/cultura_digital/tics_arq_urb/BridgingDigitalDivide.pdfGraham, S., Marvin, S. (2001).Splintering Urbanism Networked Infrastructures, Technological Motilities and the Urban Condition. New York Routledge. (Chapter 3, 91-136)Graham, S., Marvin, S. (2001).Splintering Urbanism Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition. New York Routledge. (Chapter 7, 329-336)Indergaard, M. (2004).Silicon alley The rise and fall of a new media district. New York Routledge. Retrieved from http//books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=k96SAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=innovative enclaves multimedia centresots=tRvVaCTstOsig=hyiVFkjoMv8uppG9ttGTy33wVB0Raine, G. (1999, October 31). Making sense of multimedia gulch. Retrieved from http//www.sfgate.com/business/article/Making-sens e-of-Multimedia-Gulch-3060560.phpSassen, S. (2001).The global city New york, Tokyo, London. (2nd ed.). Woodstock, Oxfordshire Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http//books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=PTAiHWK2BYICoi=fndpg=PR11dq=relatedNCOsPP8QZtUJscholar.google.com/ots=BS-ErhSdN1sig=VbeYDBon1fqYmpGgIb5OsOJ54YQ1 (Graham Marvin, 2001)2 (Graham Marvin, 2001)3 (Graham Marvin, 2001)4 (Graham Marvin, 2001)5 (Graham Marvin, 2001)6 (Raine, 1999)7 (Graham Marvin, 2001)8 (Graham, 2000)9 (Graham Marvin, 1996)10 (Graham Marvin, 1996)11 (Webster, 2014)12 (Graham Marvin, 2001)13 (Gottlieb, 1999)14 (Graham, 1998)15 (Graham, 2000)16 (Graham Marvin, 2001)17 (Graham Marvin, 2001)18 (Graham Marvin, 2001)19 (Indergaard, 2004)20 (Graham Marvin, 2001)21 (Graham, 2000)22 (Graham, 2000)23 (Castells, 2011)24 (Webster, 2014)25 (Indergaard, 2004)26 (Indergaard, 2004)27 (Graham, 2000)28 (Graham Marvin, 1996)29 (Graham Marvin, 1996)30 (Graham, 2000)31 (Graham Marvin, 1996)32 (Sassen, 200 1)33 (Castells, 2011)34 (Graham, 2000)

Command and Conquer: Generals Unit Tactics: GLA Unit Strategies

Command and grab Generals Unit tactic GLA Unit StrategiesCommand and Conquer Generals Unit Tactics GLA Unit Strategies The GLA or Global Liberation Army is kn bear for its mental imagery and shrewd tactic. Some of the weapon systemored vehicles including technicals and marauders hold back the ability to scavenge finished opponent vehicle and upgrade their squeeze out creator. One of the key important units to cipher out for is the fritter launcher, bomb truck and the terrorist foot unit. The truck give the sack be really deceptive and washbowl inflict serious violate on competitor structures. Learn more about GLA units and the strategies required to social occasion them in this Command and Conquer Generals tactic guide. Rebel The rebel is the toiletonic substructure unit of the GLA. It has the ability to experience buildings, which faecal matter be researched at the barracks. There argon several additional abilities that notify be upgraded. You can join on the damage by 25 part if you research AP bullets at the black market. Whats more, you can to a fault call their stealth ability against adversary pes. All you energize to do is research the camouflage upgrade at the Palace to have this ability. With the help of stealth, the GLA rebel units can ambush oppositeness units, particularly in areas that are left undefended. With stealth, you can apply them to capture buildings and oil derricks silently. RPG Trooper The RPG trooper is rattling handy unit against both land and air units, but can get killed by the Chinese Gatling tanks, American Humvees and foot units. Use 5-6 units to destroy armored vehicles and aircraft easily. You can besides put them at bottom GLA technical fouls to inflict maximum damage. Just like the rebels, the RPG troopers fire power can be change magnitude by 25 percent if upgraded to AP rockets at the black market. Terrorists These are very dangerous when used against foe tanks and projectile launcher s, but can easily fall prey to Gatling tanks, Humvees, pathfinders or foot infantry. incessantly disperse them and then detonate foe units, do not use them in packs. In most skirmish maps, you go away find vacant black-colored cars. Garrison them internal to create car bombs and place inside antagonist buildings and units to inflict maximum damage. But, remember that they can to a fault condition damage to nearby GLA structures and units, so use them wisely. These are very resourceful and are the one of the beat out Command and Conquer Generals tactics for the GLA faction. Angry Mob Angry mob are loosely a group of specially created units that can cause maximum damage. They are generally created in groups. They can be unlocked after building the Palace. They have the most unique weapons including stones, Molotov cocktails and can be upgraded with firearms after researching arm the mob at the palace. While they are not the best of restrain and conquer generals tactics to lo ck against USA pathfinders, Humvees and Chinese Gatling tanks, they can cause serious damage to tanks and enemy structures. Use at least 4-5 upgraded mobs against enemy buildings and vehicles. They can also be a vast option for reason key GLA structures. Jarmen Kell This unit is the perfect answer to USAs Colonel Burton. He has the abilities of the sniper and can advert buildings through his remote controlled bomb. You can use him to snipe infantry units as well as vehicle drivers and later steal them. But, his weakness is the sluggish reload time of his sniper rifle. You can easily eliminate Jarmen Kell with the help of your anti-stealth units. But, beware, he can hide inside buildings and take out all your infantry units. To deal things difficult, the building does not change to the GLA team color, but in one case you locate him, you can force him to evacuate by throwing flash be intimate grenades. Hijacker Hijackers are one of the most expensive units of the GLA faction, bu t can be tactically employed to inflict the maximum damage. They are primarily used to steal assault and general enemy vehicles. You can use them to capture enemy vehicles with the first level veteran status. You can also hijack enemy dozers, build their structures and units and create havoc on them with their own structures. to unlock the hijacker, you will have to build, palace, barracks and sped three general points. Quite a hard work to create this unique unit GLA Armored Vehicles Technical Playing as GLA en sealeds you have dainty Command and Conquer Generals tactics and strategies up on your sleeves. Most GLA vehicles are very resourceful. The technical is the best example of a cheap, resourceful yet destructive GLA vehicle. It can assist as an excellent vehicle transport for infantry, terrorists and hijackers. Put some of them inside and drop them on the enemy zone make your fight easier. A good example of its resourcefulness is its ability to upgrade its firepower by thef t scrap of destroyed enemy vehicles. Just run over the food waste of two destroyed vehicles and see its firepower change from machine gun to missile attacks. ScorpionThe scorpion may be the weakest armored vehicle of the GLA, but once it is upgraded with scorpion rockets, it can cause destruction to enemy vehicles and infantry. Scorpion upgrades are mainly available at the arms dealer structure, the palace and the black market. To upgrade its fire power to rockets research the scorpion rockets at the arms dealer, but if you want to upgrade it with vitriolic anthrax, then research toxin shells. This can inflict serious damage to the opponents infantry units. You can also enhance the damages by researching anthrax of import at the palace. When battling against enemy units, use at least 7-8 upgraded Scorpions to get excellent damage results. Marauder The Marauder is one of prime GLA armored vehicles. With its increased range, accuracy and good armor the Marauder can cause great dama ge to your opponents vehicles and units. It has features similar to the scorpion. You can upgrade using scraps of enemy units and use it to fire anthrax weapons from its projectiles. Use at least 6-7 marauders on with other units while planning an attack on your opponents. The rest upgrades are similar to the Scorpion. Quad Cannon The tetrad cannon can be used as a good defensive unit against thinly armored vehicles and infantry. But, it is very weak against heavy armored vehicles and air units. Always have a group 0f 5 or 6 quad cannons to take out any nuisance infantry units. You can increase its damage power by 25 percent by researching AP bullets at the black market. Rocket Buggy Rocket Buggies are fast, accurate, but have slow reload times. Because they are fast-paced, they can easily hide beyond the reach of enemy units and come back strong. The best tactic is to use 3-4 rocket buggies to shoot and quickly hide them beyond the reach of enemy units. When it reloads, attack y our opponents again. Using its speed and heavy fire power can be the perfect strategy against your opponents. Bomb Truck Bomb trucks are extremely effective against a large group of enemy units. As the name suggests, bomb trucks are loaded with explosives and chemical weapons. You can employ multiple tactics with these expensive units. Use them silently to sneak inside enemy base and run over a cluster of vehicles. You can also use them to sneak into unguarded enemy structures. Scud launcher The scud launcher is GLAs artillery weapon that can fire scud missiles from a good distance. It has two types of fire power-anthrax warheads and explosives. When playing skirmish battles in Command and Conquer Generals, use the scud launchers explosives against enemy structures and warheads on infantry and vehicles. Make sure your launchers are protected with RPG troopers and marauders as they are very vulnerable against enemy armors. Because they can bombard from a great distance, make sure yo u place them at strategic isolated areas near enemy base camp.Toxin Tractor This unit spurts green toxins at enemy units and can be very effective against light infantry units. You can eliminate your opponents infantry garrisoned in civilian buildings. But, always support it with other units and make sure they are far off against heavy armor.

Properties Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

Properties Of Distributed Systems Information Technology demonstrateA distributed arrangement consists of multiple autonomous computing machines that communicate through a computing machine internet. The computers correspond with severally different in order to give a common goal. A computer program that runs in a distributed brass is called a distributed program, and distributed programming is the process of writing such(prenominal) programs.Distributed calculate also refers to the use of distributed formations to solve computational worrys. In distributed computing, a worry is divided into some(prenominal) tasks, each of which is solved by one computerThe word distributed in cost such as distributed system, distributed programming, and distributed algorithm sooner referred to computer networks where exclusive computers were physically distributed within some geographical bea. The hurt atomic number 18 nowadays utilise in a much wider sense, yet referring t o autonomous processes that run on the same physical computer and interact with each other by meat passing.While there is no single definition of a distributed system, the following defining properties are ordinarily usedThere are several autonomous computational entities, each of which has its own local memory.The entities communicate with each other by message passing.A distributed system whitethorn pay back a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem. Alternatively, each computer may pass water its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication go to the users.Other typical properties of distributed systems includeThe system has to tolerate failures in individual computers.The structure of the system (network topology, network latency, number of computers) is not known in advance, the system may consist of different kinds of computers and network connectedness s, and the system may change during the execution of a distributed program.Each computer has yet a limited, incomplete view of the system. Each computer may know only one part of the input.PROPERTIES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMSSo far the focus has been on figure a distributed system that solves a precondition problem. A complementary estimate into problem is studying the properties of a given distributed system.The halting problem is an uniform example from the field of centralised computation we are given a computer program and the task is to decide whether it halts or runs forever. The halting problem is undecidable in the general case, and naturally accord the behaviour of a computer network is at least as hard as understanding the behaviour of one computer.However, there are many interesting redundant cases that are decidable. In particular, it is possible to reason about the behaviour of a network of finite-state machines. One example is telling whether a given network of in teracting (asynchronous and non-deterministic) finite-state machines grass reach a deadlock. This problem is PSPACE-complete,39 i.e., it is decidable, but it is not probable that there is an efficient (centralised, parallel or distributed) algorithm that solves the problem in the case of large networks.SECURITY ISSUES IN ADAPTIVE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMSIn the contemporaneous society, distributed systems have a significant impact on how communication among social, industrial and governmental institutions is pass ond. Dealing with the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamicals of distributed systems is absolutely among the primary(prenominal) concerns of the software program industry. In the Internet era, the distribution of information and services on different sites is a common and dominant scenario. Hence, accessing information and services on remote sites requires high-level of system quality acceptable response cadence (at least near real-time) and warrantor mechanisms. These aspects require inherent reading of the system to changes in the environment. In the case of ADSs, the challenge to maintain system quality is even greater. In general, credentials measure issues in distributed information systems, whether adjustive or not, is already a serious concern.There are many types of threats, among them those occurring during communication and those in the form of unauthorized attempts to access stored information. Solutions proposed to address these problems in distributed systems may contribute to the implementation of earnest mechanisms in ADSs. On the other hand, if a token ring is used to achieve mutual elimination in selective information communication, then a loss of token talent be a result of unauthorized monitor of the token, which is a taper consequence of the distributed system macrocosm accommodative and having monitor divisor.Moreover, data resubmission aptitude be requested by authorized parties that couldnt receive the data. su ch a request might also come from malicious intruders that are requesting resubmission of data to get a copy.The kind of environmental changes that can be monitored in ADSs include, but are not limited to, processor and link failures, changes in communication patterns and frequency, changes in failure rates, and changed application requirements.Security rhythmic pattern evince the degree to which security goals such as data confidentiality are being met, they propose actions that should be taken to improve the overall security program, and identify the level of risks in not taking a given action and hence provide guidance in prioritizing the actions. They also indicate the in effect(p)ness of various components of a security program. Developing effective security prosody programs has proven to be very challenging. A number of factors have contributed to this collecting the necessary data is difficult and there are no well-established and standardized guidelines. Swanson et al. ( 2003) identified elements that must be considered in defining effective security metrics, metrics must yield quantifiable information, supporting data must be readily obtainable, only repeatable processes should be considered for measurement, and metrics must enable tracking of performance. Voas et al. (1996) propose a security estimate methodology, called reconciling vulnerability depth psychology (AVA), which provides a relative measure of software security.The methodology is based on measurement of security weaknesses in terms of determine set of threats that are frequently encountered. The resulting metrics may straggle with different set of threats and hence the methodology is called adaptive. Its major advantages include, among others, its ability to be customized to application- peculiar(prenominal) classes of intrusions and the fact that it measures dynamic run-time information. The fact that it is based on a predetermined set of threats is among the major limitations of AVA. Payne (2001) proposes a guideline that should be closely followed in the development a security metrics program.The guideline consists of several locomote clear definition of security goals and objective, decision about what metrics to dedicate and strategies for generating them create action plan, and establish a formal program polish cycle. Following this guidance enables us to clarify the why, what and how of developing security metrics. In the sequel, we focus on the metrics that should be generated to quantify the level of security threats that could be caused due to monitoring of a bum system to achieve the level of adaptation necessary to maintain quality of services.ADAPTIVE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMSDistributed systems that can evolve their behaviors based on changes in their environments are known as Adaptive Distributed Systems (ADSs). Adaptation usually takes place on different sites in a distributed system and needs to be coordinated. Adaptive systems monitor and re spect their environments and can adapt their own behaviors when there is a change in the environment. On the other hand, adaptive behavior is the field of science where the underlying mechanisms of adaptive behavior of animals, software agents, robots and other adaptive systems are investigated into.The results from adaptive behavior research are exploited for building artificially happy adaptive systems. In this case, we envision distributed systems within the context of artificially salubrious adaptive systems and we therefore believe that the research progress in adaptive behavior will affect the research in ADSs. That is, monitoring, change spying and behavior adaptation components of an adaptive distributed system will become more(prenominal) intelligent in time. An ADS better knows what is happening in its environment by detecting and evaluating the changes in the environments and adjusting their actions to the changes more intelligently.However, the more intelligent and adaptive a distributed system becomes through its monitoring and other components, the more risky it becomes that the intruders act more severely in a distributed environment if the monitoring component is overtaken by them. In the following paragraphs, we are giving a brief survey on ADSs. Leonhardt et al. (1998) indicate that security is an issue that appears where activity is being tracked, namely by the monitoring system they have proposed. For that reason, in this work, we look into the levels of familiarity a monitoring system might eventually have about its environment while becoming more adaptive, and whether the level of knowledge and the properties of the knowledge being monitored would cause any security issues compared to the distributed systems which are not adaptive. Russello et al. (2005) described how adaptation is done for dynamical replication for managing availability in a shared data space. The idea is that if replication is required, the middleware should offe r mechanisms that would give the application developer to select from different replication policies that can be later enforced at runtime.There is an adaptation subsystem where the environment conditions are monitored. It is discover when to switch to another replication policy automatically. The execution environment conditions which are monitored are cost of communication latency and bandwidth, especially when external monitoring subsystem is used. Silva et al. (2002) developed a generic framework for the construction of ADSs. The molding is composed of three main packages. In the monitoring package, system specific parameters, such as processor utilization, in the various hosts of the distributed system are monitored. This package informs the event detection and notification package whenever values of such parameters change significantly. In addition to this, interceptors as used in the CORBA distributed system standards are inserted into the object invocation path. Each tim e a thickening invokes a method of an object, the message corresponding to this invocation is intercepted and later re-dispatched to the target object.Using interceptors, the system can extract useful information from each method invocation storing it in a log file for analysis by the event detection and notification package. On the other hand, dynamic configuration package, depending on the type of the event, executes the appropriate algorithm that defines actions that should be taken in order to adapt the application to the new environment condition. As stated in (Al-Shaer 1998), monitoring system can be used to detect and report security violations such as illegal logins or attempts of unauthorized access to files. On the contrary, we argue that if the monitoring subsystem is overtaken by an intruder, the monitoring system can also be used for causing security violations once an intruder has knowledge about login information and file authorizations to be able to report illegal l ogins and attempts of unauthorized access to resources.

Children’s Literature in Jamaica Essay -- essays papers

Childrens Literature in JamaicaAs children in the United States, we grow up listening to the stories of Dr. Seuss and Curious George as we ignite off to sleep to the sound of our p bents voices echoing in our dreams. As we start to grow older and the poetry of Shel Silversteins, Where the Sidewalk Ends no longer holds our imagination as much as it did at eightsome years old, we begin to read stories that are a reflection of the surround we live within. We engaged ourselves in the lives of such characters as the Hardy Boys and Willy Wonka. What these stories lacked however, are the social issues that are ever present in straight offs society. Not all of American childrens literature is without social content, further the literature many of us grew up with was about adventure and mystery. On the other hand, Caribbean childrens literature tends to base its work on survival. The stories of Jamaican folklore for example, tell the tales of the original inhabitants of the Caribbean Isla nd and how they survived colonialism, slavery, poverty, and racism. From generation to generation these stories have been passed big bucks in their original form through oral history. Oral tradition is a method that I believe is no longer preserved in American culture. Rarely do you read of an individual who was sat down on his grand reboots knee to hear the childhood stories he or her was told by their grandparents before them. In todays society, all a child has to do to be entertained is turn on the television, or log on to the internet to hear and read the rhetoric of todays entertainment industry. Whether it is a lack of communication between parent and child, or a loss of innocence, the tradition of a parent presentment the story of his or her ancest... ...ren are forced to deal with throughout life. BibliographyBerry, James, everyplace Faces Everywhere, Simon and Schuster Publishing, New York, 1996Bolden, Tonya, Rites of Passage Stories About Growing Up by sable Writers fr om Around the World, Hyperion Books for Children, New York, 1994Dance, Daryl, Folklore from Contemporary Jamaicans, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1985Dawes, Kwame, Wheel and Come Again An Anthology of Reggae Poetry, twat Lane Publishing, Canada, 1998Jekyll, Walter, Jamaican Song and Story, Dover Publications, New York, 1966Jennings, Linda, A treasury of Stories from Around the World, Kingfisher Publishing, New York, 1993Ribelli, Piero, Jah Pickney Children of Jamaica, Ian Randle Publishers, Kingston, Jamaica, 1995Sherlock, Philip, West Indian Folk-tales, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1966

Britain in the First World War Essay -- Papers

Britain in the First World War Introduction Recruitwork forcet and gulp had become a big issue at the beginning and propaganda was utilize to change the attitudes of the public. After the First World War, life in Britain had changed dramatically. Britain owed most six billion pounds to the Americans. Air raids back on the British native land had killed over one cardinal people and left one thousand millions homeless. In summation nearly one million British people had died during the war. Women had come to do the jobs of men, and governments had taken new measures to ensure we had won this new kind of war. The unite of Nations had been intended to bring peace back to Europe and the world to a greater extentover only brought more bitterness. Recruitment Before conscription, men would be advance by their families to enlist and fight for the country. Propaganda was used to stir up the ideas and emotions of what kizer whilhelm had in mind for Eur ope and to bring out countrymens patriotic duties. When Lord Kitchener as put in charge of Britains fight against the Germans he substantialized that more men would be needed. The BEF (British Expeditionary Force) only had one hundred thousand men and so the recruitment drive had begun. Women were encouraged to persuade men to enlist, and at the height of the recruitment drive half a million had enlisted. Men that didnt enlist were seen as cowards and given white feathers to wear in public. Many feared that the war would be over before they got to the front. All countries convoluted had greeted the war with enthusiasm hoping to fight for King and country. Conscription Conscription was introduced... ...re that this could never recover again. America on the other hand wanted to keep Germany from organism punished too much incase any thing same this happen again. Britain was in the middle of all this. They understood were both nations were coming from. They agreed on the punishment and forced Germany to sign the treaty of Versailles. The British blockade had starved the Germans into surrendering. The German public had nicknamed the government the November Criminals. The League of Nations had been created by woodrow Wilson but when he backed out, the league was left with no real power. The permanent members were still recovering after war. The league had more defeats so victories and rarely brought peace to rising conflicts. The American public had felt they should never have gotten involved with European affairs.

Leaving for College - A Heartbreaking and Bittersweet Experience Essay

Leaving for College - A Heartbreaking and Bittersweet welcome Heres to the nights we felt alive, heres to the tears we knew youd cry, heres to bang-upbye, tomorrows gonna come too soon. - eve 6. Ive heard this song many times before, but it took me so long to finally understand the real meaning behind it. The destruction night I spent in Tucson before moving out-of-door to college has proved to be the most heartbreaking and bittersweet life-time have Ive ever had to endure, yet it is too my fondest memory of home. I treasured that night to operate forever because I never wanted to nab tomorrow come.August twentieth was my last night in Tucson. The last night I had to pass along with my family, my friends, and my dog. That would be my last night to spend in my own house, with my own personal bathroom, and a big bed. That would also be my last night to pack all of my important visible possessions and then downsizing because my dorm room probably wouldnt lease everything I thought I needed.The night began with that afternoon at what we foreshadow the G.R. Party. This is commonly known as a good riddance party. My parents, across-the-board family, and friends gathered together inside my home for my last dinner. All the males were, of cover assembled by the grill cooking our wonderful all American fiesta of hamburgers, barbeque chicken, and hot dogs. Most of the women were mingling with each other, each ace almost in tears listening to others talk about how impregnable letting go of their own children would be and fearing the next few eld when my friends would be away to different colleges. My friends and I were busy talking amongst ourselves and observance my younger cousins dazzle us in the pool with their most recent dive or trick. Finally, someone... ... ever had to do. Who knew it would be so difficult to bring those people who shaped the person you are today? I had to sturdyiness the people that I loved so much and say good bye. I k new I would see them again, but somehow that wasnt a comforting thought. The only thing I could seem to think of was how hard it was to leave and how excruciating it felt. This experience has left a huge outcome on my life. I realized how much I love my life and the people in it. I recognized the fact that this was me, growing up and becoming an adult. I also finally understood the meaning of family. unconstipated though I was leaving my home of eighteen years, I knew I still had a wonderful place to return to. That chapter of my life finish beyond perfectly. Although that night was somewhat depressing it was also filled with fun, laughter, and love. It is by far, my favorite memory of home.

Indigenous Irrigation Knowledge and Sustainable Development in Asia :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Indigenous Irrigation companionship and Sustainable Development in Asia David Groenfeldt suggests that village communities need to organize and change their own resources, initially, which will strengthen the development capacity of the village and facilitate to establish an independent institution. Groenfeldt argues that the classic development solution of bringing in and applying new imaginations is less efficient in the long run because local indigenous ways are already established and being practiced. The nonpareil major point that Groenfeldt makes in his argument for sustainable development is the idea that partnership involvement from day one needs to be express before the come out even has a chance at succeeding. The cause writes in order to relay the message that success starts from the bottom up and that developers need to include the communities in the development and design stages of a exteriorize so that when the developer leaves the project will sustain i tself. In beginning, one needs to know some basic information on the knowledge presented in the article. In particular, Groenfeldt talks about a charitable organization referred to as AKRSP (Aga Khan Rural Support Programme). This organizations purpose is to raise the spirits of communities with productive development. One example of this organizations work, dealt with a community that was struggling with its irrigation canals. This organizations primary concern is not developing a successful irrigation system, but it is to fill out and build up the knowledge of the community. If the community knows more about the bonkers and bolts of the situation than the community can develop plans to improve their irrigation system. These plans will be overseen by a trained government or Non-Governmental Official, but the framework and the structure of the system will be developed in such a way that the people will be efficiently running game the program on their own. In addition, thes e projects will be chosen from the communitys top priorities instead of from the priorities of outside officials. This system will once again aid in sustainability because the people will be excited and boost from the beginning. Groenfeldt develops a three-step plan of the AKRSP mount. The first point that he makes about the AKRSP approach is the idea that the villagers in this community need to come to a incorporated understanding about what the project will be and how the goal of the project will be accomplished.

Essay examples --

The slap-up Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald was creation set in untested York in 1922. . It was in Long Island where the rich and wealthinessy multitude lived and that was split into West and eastern unite States Egg. The wealthy people lived in East Egg. There are seven characters that make up The Great Gatsby is. scratch line there is Nick Carraway and he is a graduate student from Yale, and he used to live in the Midwest. He was in World warfare 1 and later moved to New York to become a bonds salesman. next there is Jay Gatsby. He is a millionaire that lives in a mansion and is cognize for throwing massive parties. He got all of his fortune from doing illegal criminal activities. He is in love with a woman named Daisy Buchanan. Daisy is Nicks cousin-german and is married to Tom. She has had history with Gatsby before she got married to Tom. Tom Buchanan is a millionaire that lives in East Egg. He is rich because of his family name and He attended Yale with Nick. Jordan brea d maker is one of Daisys friends that is a professional golfer. She later ends up being Nicks girlfriend for a while. George Wilson is a man that owns an car shop and is married to Myrtle. Myrtle is Toms mistress that he fools around with. Lastly there was a man named Meyer Wolfshiem. He was cognise for fixing the 1919 World Series. Section 2 Summary of the bookThe Great Gatsby is a book about a name named Nick Carraway that moves to New York to learn to be a bonds salesman. He rents a tiny suffer in West Egg Long Island. He has a neighbor that lives in a mansion and his name is Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby is a millionaire that gained all of his wealth from doing illegal activities. Nick has a cousin named Daisy that lives across the bay from him in a massive house. Her husbands name is Tom Buchanan and had gained ... ...around the United States. He had a butler that would always tell him when a opposite state was on the phone and it had to deal with his bootlegging business. This period of time was known as the Jazz Age. That was when jazz music and flapper dance became popular. In the book Gatsby always had jazz music and dancers at his parties to keep the lymph gland happy. Section 4 What I gained from reading this bookOne issue I gained after reading The Great Gatsby was that I should live my intent for myself and not for others, because you will never find happiness when you are only when trying to impress other people. When Gatsby tried to impress Daisy by purchasing a huge mansion, and throwing big parties he really isnt happy. He is living his life to try and impress her all they time hold up its buying her stuff or having her over for the day she is still waiver to go home to Tom.

gov econ policy :: essays research papers

Government Economic PolicyIn 1988 the government of the day was at a downswing of the business cycle with high unemployment footstep (UE%) coupled with high inflation. This caused the real income (YR) to fall. The populus of Australia had little purchasing condition causing the add up demand to fall (D). With the people of Australia spending less and firms non selling enough inventories the government (G) had less taxation receipts and with firms trying to cut costs, they laid off workers. This caused G non-profitable expenditure (G1) to growth and thus caused deficit budgets. This is when cloak-and-dagger Investment (I), Economic Growth (GDP) and Private Consumption started to fall tremendously. In later years the G borrowed funds from other nations because worsening Fiscal policy. The trouble was that the G was borrowing to dedicate G1 expenditure not G2. This caused a lack of I multiplier inwardness within the economy. The lack of money circulating in the economy let down the Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) making the nation not able to proffer enough goods and services for the people. If we look at the aggregate supply comparability ( supply= GDP+ imports (M)), when GDP falls imports are the only plectron have enough supply to satisfy the economy. Making the overseas domain the only means cheap enough to buy goods and services from. then this acted as a leakage because money was flowing into other nations and not into Australias. The PPC graph shows Australias shift in GDP with the PPC moving from A to B. therefore the difference between A and B is imports.This made scotch conditions worse. As a result of the high inflation and UE% the national savings pool and thus private investment fell and foreign self-command rose. With all the money going out of the Australian economy and into others this caused stagflation. Stagflation occurs when an economy doesnt grow (GDP doesnt increase) but inflation increases. The inflation case is cos t-push inflation. This graph shows cost-push inflation by showing the shift in aggregate supply causing a shift in the price (due to the integrity of demand) thus causing inflation, but in this case stagflation.Finally the Australian economy is busted AKA recession. This was due to a number of factors one of these was the toll of Trade (TOT) falling. This caused Australias main industry agriculture to be disadvantageously effected. With the Interest rates ( I %) rising for long periods of time this caused toilsome decline in private investment, lessening the multiplier effect.

Administrative Management Theory Essay -- essays research papers

Our group project is on Henri Fayols Administrative Management Theory. As a group extremity I took on a task of researching his theory. Henri Fayol began his career as a junior Engineer in French Mining Company. His key sue was Administration Industrielle et Generale which he published in 1916 ad later o pulished in Eglish I 1949. The administrative theory "emphasized management functions and move to generate broad administrative principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organisational hazardivities" (Scott p. 36). Fayol played a main role in the turn-of-the-century Classical take of management theory. Fayol believed that techniques of effective management could be defined and taught and that managerial brass instrument hold as much importance as management as workers organization. He was the first to identify functions of management. The five functions of managers, according to Fayol were plan, organize, command, coordinate, and control. Pla nning is the act of anticipating the future and acting on it. Planning reduces uncertainty by forcing managers to tang ahead, anticipate change, consider the impact of change and develop appropriate responses. (Robbins, 2000, p.247) composition is the development of the institutions resources, including material and human. Commanding is keeping the institutions actions and processes running. Co-ordination is the bond and harmonization of the groups efforts. Finally, control means that t...

Ethan Frome Hidden Meanings :: essays papers

Ethan Frome Hidden MeaningsEthan Frome Hidden Meanings Ethan Frome is the tarradiddle of a family caught in a deep-rooted domestic struggle. Ethan Frome is married to his first love Zeena, who becomes chronically ill over their long marriage. Due to his married womans condition, they took the run of Zeenas cousin, Mattie Silver. Mattie seems to be everything that Zeena is not, youthful, energetic, and healthy. Over time Ethan believes that he loves Mattie and wants to leave his wife for her. He struggles with his obligations toward Zeena and his growing love for Mattie. After Zeena discovers their feelings toward each other, she tries to send Mattie away. In an effort to stay together, Ethan and Mattie try to kill themselves by crashing into the elm that they talked or so so many times. Instead, Mattie becomes severely injured and paralyzed. The woman that was everything that Zeena was not became the hardly the same as her. In Ethan Frome, the designer communicates meanin gs in this story with various types. One of the most signifi fecest symbols used in this story is the very setting itself. A symbol is a person, object, or cause that suggests more than its literal meaning. Symbols can be very useful in shedding light on a story, clarifying meaning that cant be expressed with words. It may be hard to pecker symbols at first, but while reflecting on the story or yarn it a second time, the symbol is like a key that fits abruptly into a lock. The reason that symbols work so well is that we can colligate something with a riveicular object. For example, a red rose symbolizes love and passion, and if in that respect were red roses in a story we may associate that part of the story with love. Although many symbols can have simple meanings, such as a red rose, many have more complex meanings and pick up a careful reading to figure out its meaning. The first symbol that I noticed in Ethan Frome is the setting. It plays an important role in t his story. The author spends much of the first few chapters describing the scene in a reinvigorated England town Starkfield. When I think of a town called Starkfield, a gloomy, devoid place with nothing that can grow comes to mind. As the author continues to portray this town, it just reinforces what I had originally thought.

Animal Farm Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Orwell

I.Subject Animal Farm is about a root word of animals that rebel against the heighten owner in order to gain gibe of the bring about and to be treated with more respect. It begins by explaining how the animals argon wrongly treated by their owner, Mr. Jones. The setting is n incessantly made clear passim the story but it is obvious to be set in the past, because of the talks used as well as the tools used around the farm. nearly every animal in the story is a main character, although several(prenominal) standout more than differents, including Napoleon, Snowball, Mr. Jones, grey Major, and Boxer. Old Major is the protagonist in this refreshful because he is the character who instilled the correct morals into each animal. The animals are narcissistic and in the end, nothing turns out to be in their favor. Mr. Jones, the owner of the farm is cruel and mistreats his animals and does not take proper care of his farm. One day, the Old Major who is the wisest pig, tells the res t of the animals about a dream he has been having to trace rid of their human master and run the farm on their own. subsequently Old Majors death, 2 new leaders of the farm come into spring and run Mr. Jones off of the farm which leaves the animals to fend for themselves and to take care of the farm by using a group effort. For a while, the animals work as hard as they possibly can to keep the farm in pristine condition and keep every animal fed with rampant amounts of food. The animals truly did keep much better care of the farm than Mr. Jones ever had.Shortly after, Napoleon becomes so selfish because of his power over the some other animals on the farm, that he blocks Snowball from all of his power which then turns the other animals against him. Napoleon then uses Boxer, an intelligent horse to persuade t... ...n two legs. In the beginning of the story they were convinced to never walk on two feet because that was how their enemies walked.9IX. GenreThe main genre of Animal Farm is political. policy-making is a story that deals with significant aspects of political life and in which those aspects are essential ingredients of the work (Harmon 400). This novel has a political genre because it deals with government in real life. Mainly the Soviet Revolution.A sub dramatic play of Animal Farm is allegory. This means a form of an extended allegory in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings that lie remote the narrative itself. It represents one thing in the disguise of another (Harmon 12). This novel is an allegory because every character and event that took place in the take represented something that happened in real life.

Ram Jam - Black Betty :: essays research papers

discolor Betty Ram JamA man by the name of Charles Simic once said, Poetry is an orphan of silence. The wrangle never quite equal the experience behind them(Quote Land). Poems have been create verb eachy for thousands of years. When most people think of poetry, they either think of a sonnet, limerick, all the way down to a haiku. They also think that a poetry is something that must be recited, but in reality a poesy can also be sang as a song. belatedly more(prenominal) and more songs that are being released have a tarradiddle behind them, trying to express feelings of l onenessliness, death, or past experiences. One of the outperform examples would be rap. Rappers love to tell about their life in the metropolis when the times were rough because they were poor and all the violence going on. besides rap isnt the only type of music that can be interpreted as a poem.William Huddie Ledbetter was born on January 29th, 1885 in lah (Ledbelly). Huddie was the worlds greatest cott on picker, railroad track liner, lover, and drinker, but he was better know for his astounding guitar playing. He was a char man who traveled the south singing and recording folk songs. William Huddie Ledbetter was known as Ledbelly, and his one song Black Betty was widely known. On declination 6th, 1949 Huddie died due to lateral sclerosis.Ram Jam was an east coast isthmus formed in the mid 70s. Its members consisted of Bill Bartlett, Howie Blauvelt, creature Charles, Myke Scavone, and Jimmy Santoro. Ram Jam is known for being a one hit wonder by using William Huddie Ledbetters song Black Betty It reached number 18 on the charts in 1977, and in the UK it reached number 7 & its remix made number 13 (Ram Jam). Black Betty can be considered a poem because of its rhyme scheme and many other poetical devices.When explicating Black Betty at first, its real meaning is hard to find. It takes more than one try to figure out what William Huddie Ledbetter was trying to dictate in his son g. The song is about a black woman who lives in aluminium by herself. She was young and made a couple wrong decisions interchangeable drinking, drugs, and having a one-night stand with somebody. This caused her to conceive a child that she wasnt situate for. She wasnt ready for the responsibilities of being a mother.